increse firfox speed

 This Firefox tricks will improve the speed & load time of firefox. And you will be able to surf faster.
 

Type about:config in the address bar, Then look for the following entries, and make the corresponding changes.
network.http.max-connections-per-server =32
network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-proxy =16
network.http.max-connections = 64
network.http.max-persistent-connections-per-server = 10
network.http.pipelining = true
network.http.pipelining.maxrequests = 200
network.http.request.max-start-delay = 0
network.http.proxy.pipelining = true
network.http.proxy.version = 1.0

Lastly right-click anywhere and select New- Integer. Name it nglayout.initialpaint.delay and set its value to 0. This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it receives. Enjoy!!

Quotations

Quotations

● Hey Ram. —Mahatma Gandhi

● Swarajya is my birth right. —Bal Gangadhar Tilak

● Aram Haram Hai. —Jawahar Lal Nehru

● “We have now to fight for peace with the same courage and deter-mination as we fought against aggression.” —Lal Bahadur Shastri

● “……the light that shone in this country was no ordinary light. For that light represented living truth.” —Jawahar Lal Nehru

● Jai Jawan Jai Kishan. —Lal Bahadur Shastri

● Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan —Atal Behari Vajpayee

● Truth and non-violence are my God. —Mahatma Gandhi

● Jan Gan Man Adhinayak Jai Hey. —Rabindra Nath Tagore

● Dilli Chalo. —Subhash Chandra Bose

● And all the men and women merely players. —Shakespeare (As You Like It)

● Sweet are the uses of adversity, which like a toad, ugly and Venomous. Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. —Shakespeare (As You Like It)

● Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven. —Milton

● Et Tu, Brute ! —Shakespeare (Julius Ceaser)

● Good Government is no substitute for self Government. —Morley

● Death is the end of life, ah why should life all labour be. —Alfred Tennyson

● Full many a gem of purest ray serene, the dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear. —Thomas Gray

● And fools, who came to scoff, Remained to pray. —Oliver Goldsmith

● “…Seditious fakir striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceroy’s palace there to negotiate and parley on equal terms with the representative of the King Emperor.” —Winston Churchill

● “Generations to come, it may be, will scarce believe that such a one as this (Mahatma Gandhi) ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.” —Einstein

● “Whom the Gods love die young.” —Byron (Don Juan)

● “Necessity is the mother of invention.” —Unknown Latin Proverb

● “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.” —Pope

● “A single step for a man–a giant leap for mankind.” —Neil Armstrong

● “Thank God, I have done my duty.” —Admiral Nelson

● “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and Sweat.” —Winston Churchill

● “Man is by nature a political animal.” —Aristotle

● “To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.” —Issaac Newton

● Eureke ! Eureka ! —Archimedes

● “Let a hundred flowers bloom and let a thousand schools of thought contend.” —Mao Tsetung

● “Frailty, thy name is woman.” —Shakespeare (Hamlet)

● “Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thoughts.” —Shelley (To a Skylark)

● “To maintain a fault known is a double fault.” —John Jewel

● “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”—that is all. Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.” —Keats

● “Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” —Bacon

● “Knowledge is power.” —Francis Bacon

● “There is no future in any job, the future lies in the man who holds the job.” —G.W. Crane

● “Until the day of his death, no man can be sure of his courage.” —Jean Anovilh

● “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” —George Orwell

● “If it were not for hopes, the hearts would break.” —Thomas Fuller

● “Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to wake mistake.” —Mahatma Gandhi

● “Hate the sin, love the sinner.” —Mahatma Gandhi

● “Facts are facts and will not disappear on account of your likes.” —Jawaharlal Nehru

● “The only alternative to co-existence is codestruction.” —Jawaharlal Nehru

● “History is moving and it will tend toward hope, or tend toward tragedy.” —George W. Bush

● “All great things are simple, and many can be expressed in single words : freedom, justice, honour, duty, mercy, hope.” —Sir Winston Churchill

Current affairs

Cabinet Ministers of India 2014 (Latest)

Cabinet Ministers
● Narendra Modi – Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Space, All important policy issues and all other portfolios not allocated to any Minister
● Rajnath Singh – Home Affairs
● Sushma Swaraj – External Affairs, Overseas Indian Affairs
● Arun Jaitley – Finance, Corporate (Additional charge – Affairs Information and Broadcasting)
● Manohar Parrikar – Defence
● M Venkaiah Naidu – Urban Development, Housing, Urban Poverty Alleviation, Parliamentary Affairs
● Nitin Gadkari – Road Transport and Highways, Shipping
● Suresh Prabhu – Railways
● Uma Bharati – Water resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
● Dr Najma Heptulla – Minority Affairs
● Ramvilas Paswan – Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
● Kalraj Mishra – Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
● Maneka Gandhi – Women and Child Development
● Ananthkumar – Chemicals and Fertilizers
● Ravi Shankar Prasad – Communications and Information Technology
● Ashok Gajapathi Raju – Civil Aviation
● Anant Geete – Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
● Harsimrat Kaur Badal – Food Processing Industries
● Narendra Singh Tomar – Mines, Steel, Labour and Employment
● Jual Oram – Tribal Affairs
● Radha Mohan Singh – Agriculture
● Thaawar Chand Gehlot – Social Justice and Empowerment
● Smriti Irani – Human Resource Development
● JP Nadda – Health and Family Welfare
● Birender Singh – Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation
● DV Sadananda Gowda – Law and Justice
● Dr Harsh Vardhan – Science and Technology Earth Sciences


Ministers of State (Independent Charge)
● General VK Singh – Statistics and Programme Implementation (Independent Charge), External Affairs, Overseas Indian Affairs
● Inderjit Singh Rao – Planning (Independent Charge), Statistics and Programme Implementation (Independent Charge), Defence
● Santosh Gangwar – Textiles (Independent Charge), Parliamentary Affairs, Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
● Shripad Naik – Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge)
● Dharmendra Pradhan – Petroleum and Natural Gas (Independent Charge)
● Sarbananda Sonowal – Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports (Independent Charge)
● Prakash Javadekar – Information and Broadcasting (Independent Charge), Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Independent Charge), Parliamentary Affairs
● Piyush Goyal – Power (Independent Charge), Coal (Independent Charge), New and Renewable Energy (Independent Charge)
● Dr Jitendra Singh – Science and Technology (Independent Charge), Earth Sciences (Independent Charge), Prime Minister Office, Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Department of Atomic Energy, Department of Space
● Nirmala Sitharaman – Commerce and Industry (Independent Charge), Finance, Corporate Affairs
● Bandaru Dattatreya – Labour and Employment
● Rajiv Pratap Rudy – Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (Independent Charge), Parliamentary Affairs
● Mahesh Sharma – Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge), Civil Aviation

Ministers of State
● GM Siddeshwara – Civil Aviation
● Manoj Sinha – Railways
● Nihalchand – Chemicals and Fertilizers
● Upendra Kushwaha – Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water and Sanitation
● Pon Radhakrishnan – Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
● Kiren Rijiju – Home Affairs
● Krishan Pal – Road Transport and Highways, Shipping
● Dr. Sanjeev Balyan – Agriculture, Food Processing Industries
● Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava – Tribal Affairs
● Raosaheb Danve – Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
● Vishnu Deo Sai – Mines, Steel, Labour and Employment
● Sudarshan Bhagat – Rural Development
● Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi – Minority Affairs, Parliamentary Affairs
● Ram Kripal Yadav – Drinking Water and Sanitation
● HP Chaudhary – Home Affairs
● Sanwar Lal Jat – Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
● Mohanbhai Kalyanjibhai Kundariya – Agriculture
● Giriraj Singh – Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
● Hansraj Gangaram Ahir – Chemicals and Fertilizers
● Dr Ramshankar Katheria – Human Resource Development
● Jayant Sinha – Finance
● YS Chowdary – Science and Technology, Earth Science
● Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore – Information and Broadcasting
● Babul Supriyo – Urban Development, Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
● Niranjan Jyoti – Food Processing Industries
● Vijay Sampla – Social Justice and Empowerment

 

 

Capitals, Governors and Chief Ministers of Indian States

States	Capitals	Governors	Chief Ministers
(1) Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad	Mr. E. S. L.Narasimhan	Mr. N. Chandrababu Naidu
(2) Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar	Lt. General (Retd) Nirbhay Sharma	Mr. Nabam Tuki
(3) Assam	Dispur	Mr. J. B. Patnaik	Mr. Tarun Gogoi
(4) Bihar	Patna	Mr. D. Y. Patil	Mr. Jitan Ram Manjhi
(5) Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Mr. Balram Das Tandon	Dr. Raman Singh
(6) Goa	Panaji	Ms. Mridula Sinha	Mr. Laxmikant Parsekar
(7) Gujarat	Gandhinagar	Mr. Om Prakash Kohli	Ms. Anandiben Patel
(8) Haryana	Chandigarh	Mr. Kaptan Singh Solanki	Mr. Manohar Lal Khattar
(9) Himachal Pradesh	Shimla	Ms. Urmila Singh	Mr. Virbhadra Singh
(10) Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar (Summer) Jammu (Winter)	Mr. N. N. Vohra	Mr. Omar Abdullah
(11) Jharkhand	Ranchi	Dr. Syed Ahmed	Mr. Hemant Soren
(12) Karnataka	Bengaluru	Mr. Vajubhai Rudabhai Vala	Mr. K. Siddaramaiah
(13) Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Mr. P Sathasivam	Shri. Oommen Chandy
(14) Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Mr. Ram Naresh Yadav	Mr. Shivraj Singh Chauhan
(15) Maharashtra	Mumbai	Mr. Kateekal Sankaranarayanan	Mr. Devendra Fadnavis
(16) Manipur	Imphal	Dr. K. K. Paul (Additional charge)	Mr. Okram Ibobi Singh
(17) Meghalaya	Shillong	Mr. Krishan Kant	Mr. Mukul A. Sangma
(18) Mizoram	Aizawl	Dr. K. K. Paul	Mr. Lal Thanhawla
(19) Nagaland	Kohima	Mr. P. B. Acharya	Mr. Neiphiu Rio
(20) Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Mr. S. C. Jamir	Mr. Naveen Patnaik
(21) Punjab	Chandigarh	Mr. Shivraj V. Patil	Mr. Parkash Singh Badal
(22) Rajasthan	Jaipur	Mr. Kalyan Singh	Smt. Vasundhara Raje
(23) Sikkim	Gangtok	Mr. Shriniwas D. Patil	Mr. Pawan Chamling
(24) Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Mr. K Rosaiah	Mr. O. Panneerselvam
(25) Tripura	Agartala	Mr. Padmanabha Acharya (Additional charge)	Mr. Manik Sarkar
(26) Telangana	Hyderabad	Mr. E.S.L.Narasimhan	Mr. K. Chandrasekhar Rao
(27) Uttarakhand	Dehradun	Dr. Aziz Qureshi	Mr. Harish Rawat
(28) Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Mr. Ram Naik	Mr. Akhilesh Yadav
(29) West Bengal	Kolkata	Mr. Keshari Nath Tripathi	Ms. Mamata Banerjee

World Presidents and Prime Ministers 2014

● Afghanistan : President - Hamid Karzai; Capital - Kabul.

● Algeria : President - Abdelaziz Bouteflika; Prime Minister - Ahmed Ouyahia; Capital-Algiers.

● Argentina : President- Ms. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner; Capital- Buenos Aires.

● Australia : Governor-General- Ms. Quentin Bryce; Prime Minister - Kevin Rudd; Capital (Federal)- Canberra.

● Austria : President- Heinz Fischer; Chancellor-Werner Faymann, Capital- Vienna.

● Bahrain : King - Hamad ibn al-Khalifah; Prime Minister - Sheikh Khalifah Sulman al-Khalifah; Capital- Manama.

● Bangladesh : President - Abdul Hamid; Prime Minister - Ms. Sheikh Hasina; Capital- Dhaka.

● Belarus : President- Alexander Lukashenko; Prime Minister - Mikhail Myasnikovich; Capital- Minsk.

● Belgium : King - Albert II; Prime Minister-Herman Van Rompuy; Capital- Brussels.

● Bhutan : King - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk; Prime Minister-Tshering Tobgay; Capital – Thimphu

● Bolivia : President- Evo Morales; Capital – La Paz.

● Brazil : President- Ms. Dilma Rousseff; Capital - Brasilia.

● Bulgaria : President - Georgi Purvanov; Prime Minister - Boyko Borisov; Capital-Sofia.

● Burkina Faso : President – Blaise Compaore; Prime Minister – Luc-Adolphe-Tiao; Capital-Ouagadougou.

● Cambodia : King - Norodom Sihamoni; Prime Minister - Hun Sen; Capital – Phnom Penh.

● Canada : Governor-General- David Lloyd Johnston; Prime Minister - Stephen Harper; Capital- Ottawa.

● Chile : President - Ms. Sebastian Pinera; Capital - Santiago.

● China : President- Xi Jinping; Prime Minister-Li Keqiang; Capital- Beijing.

● Colombia : President- Juan Manuel Santos; Capital - Bogota.

● Croatia : President - Stjepan Mesic; Prime Minister -Dr. Ivo Sanader; Capital-Zagreb.

● Cuba : President- Raul Castro; Capital -Havana.

● Czech Republic : President- Milos Zeman; Prime Minister -Petr Necas; Capital-Prague.

● Denmark : Queen - Margrethe II; Prime Minister- Ms. Helle Thorning-Schmidt; Capital - Copenhagen.

● Ecuador : President- Rafael Correa; Capital-Quito.

● Egypt : President - Mohamed Hussein Tantawi (Acting); Capital-Cairo.

● Finland : President - Ms. Tarja Halonen; Prime Minister - Matti Vanhanen; Capital-Helsinki.

● France : President- Francois Hollande; Prime Minister - Jean-Marc Ayrault; Capital- Paris.

● Germany : President - Joachim Gruck; Chancellor - Ms. Angela Merkel; Capital-Berlin.

● Guyana : President - Bharrat Jagdeo; Prime Minister - Samuel Hinds; Capital- Georgetown.

● Greece : President – Karolos Papoulias; Prime Minister – Antonis Samaras; Capital - Athens.

● Hungary : President- Janos Ader; Prime Minister - Viktor Orban; Capital- Budapest.

● Indonesia : President - Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono; Capital- Jakarta.

● Iran : President - Mr. Hassan Rouhani; Capital- Teheran.

● Iraq : President -Jalai Talabani; Prime Minister - Nouri al-Maliki, Capital- Baghdad.

● Ireland : President- Michael D. Higgins; Prime Minister - Enda Kenny, Capital- Dublin.

● Israel : President - Shimon Peres; Prime Minister - Benjamin Netanyahu; Capital- Jerusalem.

● Italy : President - Georgio Napolitano; Prime Minister- Enrico Letta (Premier-designate); Capital- Rome.

● Japan : Emperor- Akihito; Prime Minister : Shinzo Abe; Capital- Tokyo.

● Jordan : King - Abdullah II; Prime Minister-Nader al-Dahabi; Capital- Amman.

● Kazakhstan : President - Nursultan A. Nazarbayev; Prime Minister – Serik Akhmetov; Capital- Astana.

● Kenya : President - Uhuru Kenyatta; Capital - Nairobi.

● Korea, North : President – Kim Jong-un; Capital- Pyongyang.

● Korea, South : President- Park Geun-hye; Prime Minister - Kim Hwang-sik; Capital - Seoul.

● Kuwait : Emir - Sheikh Sabah ai-Ahmad al-Sabah; Capital - Kuwait.

● Kyrgyzstan : President – Nursultan Kurmanbek Bakiyey; Prime Minister - Daniyar Usenov Capital - Bishkek.

● Lebanon : President – Michel Suleiman; Prime Minister - Najib Mikati, Capital - Beirut.

● Madagascar : President - Andy Rajoelina; Prime Minister - Eugene Mangalaza; Capital-Antananarivo.

● Malaysia : King - Sultan Abdul Halim; Prime Minister- Najib Tun Razak; Capital-Kuala Lumpur.

● Maldives : President - Mohammed Waheed Hassan Manik; Capital - Male.

● Mauritius : President - Mr. Rajkeshwur Purryag; Prime Minister - Navin Ramgoolam; Capital - Port Louis.

● Mexico : President – Enrique Pena Nieto; Capital – Mexico City.

● Mongolia : President - Nambaryn Enkhbayar; Prime Minister - Sukhbaatar Batblod; Capital - Ulan Bator.

● Montenegro : President - Filip Vujanovic; Prime Minister-Milo Dukanovic; Capital – Podgorica

● Morocco : King - Mohammed VI; Prime Minister - Abbas El Fassi; Capital - Rabat.

● Myanmar (Burma) : Head of Govt. : Gen. Than Shwe; Capital - Nyapidaw.

● Nepal : President - Dr. Ram Baran Yadav; Prime Minister – Khil Raj Regmi; Capital -Kathmandu.

● Netherlands : Queen - Beatrix; Capital-Amsterdam.

● New Zealand : Governor-General – Jerry Mateparae; Prime Minister - John Key; Capital- Wellington.

● Nigeria : President - Goodluck Jonathan; Capital - Abuja.

● Norway : King - Harald V; Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg; Capital - Oslo.

● Pakistan : President - Mr. Mamnoon Hussain; Prime Minister - Navas Shareef; Capital -Islamabad.

● Panama : President - Ricardo Martenelli; Capital - Panama City.

● Paraguay : President - Fernando Lugo; Capital – Asuncion

● Peru : President - Alan Garcia; Prime Minister -Javier Velasquez; Capital- Lima.

● Philippines : President - Benigno S. Aquino III- Arroyo; Capital - Manila.

● Poland : President - Lech Kaczynski; Prime Minister- Donald Tusk; Capital- Warsaw.

● Portugal : President - Amibal Cavaco Silva; Prime Minister -Pedro Passos Coelho; Capital-Lisbon.

● Romania : President - Traian Basescu; Capital - Bucharest.

● Russia : President - Vladimir Putin; Prime Minister - Dmitry Medvedev; Capital - Moscow.

● Rwanda : President - Paul Kagame; Prime Minister - Bernard Makuza; Capital -Kigali.

● Saudi Arabia : King - Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz al Saud; Capital- Riyadh.

● Serbia : President - Boris Tadic; Prime Minister - Mirko Cvetkovic; Capital - Belgrade.

● Singapore : President - S. R. Nathan; Prime Minister - Lee Hsien Loong; Capital - Singapore.

● Slovakia : President - Ivan Gasparovic; Prime Minister - Robert Fico; Capital-Bratislava.

● South Africa : President- Jacob Zuma; Capital-Cape Town (Legislative) and Tshwane (Formerly Pretoria) (Administrative).

● Spain : King - Juan Carlos I; Prime Minister-Mariano Rajoy; Capital -Madrid.

● Sri Lanka : President - Mahinda Rajapaksa; Prime Minister - D.M. Jayaratne; Capital- Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte (Colombo).

● South Sudan : President - Salva Kiir Mayardit; Capital - Juba.

● Sudan : President - Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir; Capital - Khartoum.

● Sweden : King - Carl XVI Gustaf; Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt; Capital - Stockholm.

● Switzerland : President - Ms. Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf; Capital – Berne

● Syria : President - Bashar Al-Assad; Prime Minister - Muhammad Naji al-Otari; Capital- Damascus.

● Taiwan : President - Ma Ying-jeou; Prime Minister -Wu Den-yih; Capital – Taipei.

● Thailand : King- Bhumibol Adulyadej; Prime Minister -Yingluck Shinawatra; Capital – Bangkok.

● Turkey : President - Abdullah Gul; Prime Minister - Recep Tayyip Erdogan; Capital- Ankara.

● Ukraine : President - Victor Yushchenko; Prime Minister- Mykola Azarov; Capital- Kiev.

● United Arab Emirates : Prime Minister- Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum; Capital- Abu Dhabi.

● United Kingdom : Queen - Elizabeth II; Prime Minister - David Cameron; Capital - London.

● United States of America : President – Barack Obama; Secretary of State -John Kerry; Capital- Washington, D.C.

● Uzbekistan : President - Islam A. Karimov; Prime Minister - Shavkat Mirziyayev; Capital- Tashkent.

● Venezuela : President - Nicolas Maduro; Capital - Caracas.

● Vietnam : President - Nguyen Minh Triet; Prime Minister - Nguyen Tan Dung; Capital-Hanoi.

● Zimbabwe : President - Robert G. Mugabe; Prime Minister - Morgan Tsvangirai; Capital- Harare.

World Amazing Facts..

● World population in 2011 – 6,988 million (3,523 million males and 3,465 million females)
● World population under 30 in 2011 – 3,649 million
● World population over 60 in 2011 – 785 million
● World population over 100 in 2011 – 532,000
● Number of births worldwide every day – 378,000
● Number of deaths worldwide everyday – 162,000
● World economic growth rate in 2010 – 5.0% (-0.6% in 2009)
● Number of illiterate adults – 796 million
● Number of unemployed people – 205 million
● Average world life expectancy – 70.8 years for females; 66.4 years for males
● Annual world population increase – 79.33 million people
● Number of people living outside country of birth – 214 million, or more than 3% of the world’s population
● Fertility rate – 2.5 births per woman
● Urban population – 50.5% of total population
● World trade in 2009 – US $ 25.2 billion
● Annual world defence expenditure – US $ 1,630 billion
● Number of TV sets – 1.4 billion
● Number of radio receivers – 2.2 billion
● Number of cigarettes smoked – 5,600 billion a year
● Number of internet users – 2.0 billion
● Number of mobile phone users – 4.7 billion
● Number of motor vehicles on the road – 790 million
● Number of people who cross international borders every day – 2 million
● Number of people living in extreme poverty – 1.4 billion
● Number of people living in urban slums – 828 million
● Number of undernourished people – 925 million
● Number of overweight adults – 1.6 billion
● Number of obese adults – 502 million
● Number of people dying of starvation – 24,000 every day
● Number of people lacking clean water – 1.1 billion
● Number of people lacking basic sanitation – 2.6 billion
● Number of recorded executions in 2008 – 2,390
● Number of people worldwide exposed to indoor
air pollution that exceeds WHO guidelines – 1 billion
● Annual carbon dioxide emissions – 7.7 billion tonnes of carbon equivalent

facts about india

 Amazing facts about india in hindi & english

 

भारत ने अपने आखिरी 100000 वर्षों के इतिहास
में किसी भी देश पर हमला नहीं किया है।
जब कई संस्कृतियों में 5000 साल पहले घुमंतू
वनवासी थे, तब भारतीयों ने सिंधु घाटी (सिंधु
घाटी सभ्यता) में
हड़प्पा संस्कृति की स्थापना की।
भारत का अंग्रेजी में नाम ‘इंडिया’ इंडस नदी से
बना है, जिसके आस पास की घाटी में आरंभिक
सभ्यताएं निवास करती थी। आर्य पूजकों में इस
इंडस नदी को सिंधु कहा।
ईरान से आए आक्रमणकारियों ने सिंधु को हिंदु
की तरह प्रयोग किया। ‘हिंदुस्तान’ नाम सिंधु
और हिंदु का संयोजन है, जो कि हिंदुओं की भूमि के
संदर्भ में प्रयुक्त होता है।
शतरंज की खोज भारत में की गई थी।
बीज गणित, त्रिकोण मिति और कलन
का अध्ययन भारत में ही आरंभ हुआ था।
‘स्थान मूल्य प्रणाली’ और ‘दशमलव प्रणाली’
का विकास भारत में 100 बी सी में हुआ था।
विश्व का प्रथम ग्रेनाइट मंदिर तमिलनाडु के
तंजौर में बृहदेश्वर मंदिर है। इस मंदिर के शिखर
ग्रेनाइट के 80 टन के टुकड़ों से बने हैं। यह भव्य मंदिर
राजाराज चोल के राज्य के दौरान केवल 5 वर्ष
की अवधि में (1004 ए डी और 1009 ए डी के
दौरान) निर्मित किया गया था।
भारत विश्व का सबसे बड़ा लोकतंत्र और विश्व
का सातवां सबसे बड़ा देश तथा प्राचीन
सभ्यताओं में से एक है।
सांप सीढ़ी का खेल तेरहवीं शताब्दी में कवि संत
ज्ञान देव द्वारा तैयार किया गया था इसे मूल
रूप से मोक्षपट कहते थे। इस खेल में
सीढियां वरदानों का प्रतिनिधित्व
करती थीं जबकि सांप अवगुणों को दर्शाते थे। इस
खेल को कौडियों तथा पांसे के साथ खेला जाता था। आगे चल कर इस खेल में कई बदलाव
किए गए, परन्तु इसका अर्थ वहीं रहा अर्थात अच्छे
काम लोगों को स्वर्ग की ओर ले जाते हैं जबकि बुरे
काम दोबारा जन्म के चक्र में डाल देते हैं।
दुनिया का सबसे ऊंचा क्रिकेट का मैदान
हिमाचल प्रदेश के चायल नामक स्थान पर है। इसे
समुद्री सतह से 2444 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर
भूमि को समतल बना कर 1893 में तैयार
किया गया था।
भारत में विश्व भर से सबसे अधिक संख्या में डाक
खाने स्थित हैं।
भारतीय रेल देश का सबसे बड़ा नियोक्ता है। यह
दस लाख से अधिक लोगों को रोजगार प्रदान
करता है।
विश्व का सबसे प्रथम विश्वविद्यालय 700
बी सी में तक्षशिला में स्थापित किया गया था।
इसमें 60 से अधिक विषयों में 10,500 से अधिक
छात्र दुनियाभर से आकर अध्ययन करते थे।
नालंदा विश्वविद्यालय चौथी शताब्दी में
स्थापित किया गया था जो शिक्षा के क्षेत्र में प्राचीन भारत की महानतम उपलब्धियों में से एक
है।
आयुर्वेद मानव जाति के लिए ज्ञात सबसे आरंभिक
चिकित्सा शाखा है। शाखा विज्ञान के जनक
माने जाने वाले चरक में 2500 वर्ष पहले आयुर्वेद
का समेकन किया था।
भारत 17वीं शताब्दी के आरंभ तक ब्रिटिश राज्य
आने से पहले सबसे सम्पन्न देश था। क्रिस्टोफर
कोलम्बस भारत की सम्पन्नता से आकर्षित
हो कर भारत आने का समुद्री मार्ग खोजने
चला और उसने गलती से अमेरिका को खोज
लिया।
नौवहन की कला और नौवहन का जन्म 6000 वर्ष
पहले सिंध नदी में हुआ था। दुनिया का सबसे
पहला नौवहन संस्कृत शब्द नव गति से उत्पन्न हुआ
है। शब्द नौ सेना भी संस्कृत शब्द नोउ से हुआ।
भास्कराचार्य ने खगोल शास्त्र के कई सौ साल
पहले पृथ्वी द्वारा सूर्य के चारों ओर चक्कर
लगाने में लगने वाले सही समय की गणना की थी।
उनकी गणना के अनुसार सूर्य की परिक्रमा में
पृथ्वी को 365.258756484 दिन का समय
लगता है।
भारतीय गणितज्ञ बुधायन द्वारा ‘पाई’
का मूल्य ज्ञात किया गया था और उन्होंने जिस
संकल्पना को समझाया उसे पाइथागोरस
का प्रमेय करते हैं। उन्होंने इसकी खोज
छठवीं शताब्दी में की, जो यूरोपीय
गणितज्ञों से काफी पहले की गई थी।
बीज गणित, त्रिकोण मिति और कलन का उद्भव
भी भारत में हुआ था। चतुष्पद समीकरण
का उपयोग 11वीं शताब्दी में श्री धराचार्य
द्वारा किया गया था। ग्रीक
तथा रोमनों द्वारा उपयोग की गई की सबसे
बड़ी संख्या 106 थी जबकि हिन्दुओं ने 10*53 जितने बड़े अंकों का उपयोग (अर्थात 10 की घात
53), के साथ विशिष्ट नाम 5000 बीसी के दौरान
किया। आज भी उपयोग की जाने वाली सबसे
बड़ी संख्या टेरा: 10*12 (10 की घात12) है।
वर्ष 1896 तक भारत विश्व में हीरे का एक मात्र
स्रोत था।
(स्रोत: जेमोलॉजिकल इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ अमेरिका)
बेलीपुल विश्व में सबसे ऊंचा पुल है। यह हिमाचल
पर्वत में द्रास और सुरु नदियों के बीच लद्दाख
घाटी में स्थित है। इसका निर्माण अगस्त 1982 में
भारतीय सेना द्वारा किया गया था।
सुश्रुत को शल्य चिकित्सा का जनक
माना जाता है। लगभग 2600 वर्ष पहले सुश्रुत और
उनके सहयोगियों ने मोतियाबिंद, कृत्रिम
अंगों को लगना, शल्य क्रिया द्वारा प्रसव,
अस्थिभंग जोड़ना, मूत्राशय की पथरी,
प्लास्टिक सर्जरी और मस्तिष्क की शल्य क्रियाएं आदि की।
निश्चेतक का उपयोग भारतीय प्राचीन
चिकित्सा विज्ञान में भली भांति ज्ञात था।
शारीरिकी, भ्रूण विज्ञान, पाचन, चयापचय,
शरीर क्रिया विज्ञान, इटियोलॉजी,
आनुवांशिकी और प्रतिरक्षा विज्ञान
आदि विषय भी प्राचीन भारतीय ग्रंथों में पाए जाते हैं।
भारत से 90 देशों को सॉफ्टवेयर का निर्यात
किया जाता है।
भारत में 4 धर्मों का जन्म हुआ – हिन्दु, बौद्ध, जैन
और सिक्ख धर्म और जिनका पालन
दुनिया की आबादी का 25 प्रतिशत
हिस्सा करता है।
जैन धर्म और बौद्ध धर्म की स्थापना भारत में
क्रमश: 600 बी सी और 500 बी सी में हुई थी।
इस्लाम भारत का और दुनिया का दूसरा सबसे
बड़ा धर्म है।
भारत में 3,00,000 मस्जिदें हैं जो किसी अन्य देश से
अधिक हैं, यहां तक कि मुस्लिम देशों से भी अधिक।
भारत में सबसे पुराना यूरोपियन चर्च और
सिनागोग कोचीन शहर में है। इनका निर्माण
क्रमश: 1503 और 1568 में किया गया था।
ज्यू और ईसाई व्यक्ति भारत में क्रमश: 200
बी सी और 52 ए डी से निवास करते हैं।
विश्व में सबसे बड़ा धार्मिक भवन अंगकोरवाट,
हिन्दु मंदिर है जो कम्बोडिया में
11वीं शताब्दी के दौरान बनाया गया था।
तिरुपति शहर में बना विष्णु मंदिर
10वीं शताब्दी के दौरान बनाया गया था, यह
विश्व का सबसे बड़ा धार्मिक गंतव्य है। रोम
या मक्का धार्मिक स्थलों से भी बड़े इस स्थान पर
प्रतिदिन औसतन 30 हजार श्रद्धालु आते हैं और
लगभग 6 मिलियन अमेरिकी डॉलर प्रति दिन चढ़ावा आता है।
सिक्ख धर्म का उद्भव पंजाब के पवित्र शहर
अमृतसर में हुआ था। यहां प्रसिद्ध स्वर्ण मंदिर
की स्थापना 1577 में गई थी।
वाराणसी, जिसे बनारस के नाम से
भी जाना जाता है, एक प्राचीन शहर है जब
भगवान बुद्ध ने 500 बी सी में यहां आगमन
किया और यह आज विश्व का सबसे पुराना और
निरंतर आगे बढ़ने वाला शहर है।
भारत द्वारा श्रीलंका, तिब्बत, भूटान,
अफगानिस्तान और बांग्लादेश के 3,00,000 से
अधिक शरणार्थियों को सुरक्षा दी जाती है,
जो धार्मिक और राजनैतिक अभियोजन के
फलस्वरूप वहां से निकल गए हैं।
माननीय दलाई लामा तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्म के
निर्वासित धार्मिक नेता है, जो उत्तरी भारत के
धर्मशाला में अपने निर्वासन में रह रहे हैं।
युद्ध कलाओं का विकास सबसे पहले भारत में
किया गया और ये बौद्ध धर्म
प्रचारकों द्वारा पूरे एशिया में फैलाई गई।
योग कला का उद्भव भारत में हुआ है और यह 5,000
वर्ष से अधिक समय से मौजूद है।


India never invaded any country in her last
100000 years of history.
When many cultures were only nomadic forest
dwellers over 5000 years ago, Indians
established Harappan culture in Sindhu Valley
(Indus Valley Civilization)
The name ‘India’ is derived from the River Indus,
the valleys around which were the home of the
early settlers. The Aryan worshippers referred to
the river Indus as the Sindhu.
The Persian invaders converted it into Hindu.
The name ‘Hindustan’ combines Sindhu and
Hindu and thus refers to the land of the Hindus.
Chess was invented in India.
Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus are studies,
which originated in India.
The ‘Place Value System’ and the ‘Decimal
System’ were developed in India in 100 B.C.
The World’s First Granite Temple is the
Brihadeswara Temple at Tanjavur, Tamil Nadu.
The shikhara of the temple is made from a single
80-tonne piece of granite. This magnificent
temple was built in just five years, (between
1004 AD and 1009 AD) during the reign of Rajaraja Chola.
India is the largest democracy in the world, the 7th largest Country in the world, and one of the most ancient civilizations.
The game of Snakes & Ladders was created by
the 13th century poet saint Gyandev. It was
originally called ‘Mokshapat’. The ladders in the
game represented virtues and the snakes
indicated vices. The game was played with
cowrie shells and dices. In time, the game underwent several modifications, but its
meaning remained the same, i.e. good deeds
take people to heaven and evil to a cycle of re-
births.
The world’s highest cricket ground is in Chail,
Himachal Pradesh. Built in 1893 after leveling a
hilltop, this cricket pitch is 2444 meters above
sea level.
India has the largest number of Post Offices in
the world.
The largest employer in India is the Indian
Railways, employing over a million people.
The world’s first university was established in
Takshila in 700 BC. More than 10,500 students
from all over the world studied more than 60
subjects. The University of Nalanda built in the
4th century was one of the greatest
achievements of ancient India in the field of education.
Ayurveda is the earliest school of medicine
known to mankind. The Father of Medicine,
Charaka, consolidated Ayurveda 2500 years
ago.
India was one of the richest countries till the
time of British rule in the early 17th Century.
Christopher Columbus, attracted by India’s
wealth, had come looking for a sea route to
India when he discovered America by mistake.
The Art of Navigation & Navigating was born in
the river Sindh over 6000 years ago. The very
word Navigation is derived from the Sanskrit
word ‘NAVGATIH’. The word navy is also
derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Nou’.
Bhaskaracharya rightly calculated the time taken
by the earth to orbit the Sun hundreds of years
before the astronomer Smart. According to his
calculation, the time taken by the Earth to orbit
the Sun was 365.258756484 days.
The value of “pi” was first calculated by the
Indian Mathematician Budhayana, and he
explained the concept of what is known as the
Pythagorean Theorem. He discovered this in the
6th century, long before the European
mathematicians.
Algebra, Trigonometry and Calculus also
originated in India.Quadratic Equations were
used by Sridharacharya in the 11th century. The
largest numbers the Greeks and the Romans
used were 106 whereas Hindus used numbers
as big as 10*53 (i.e. 10 to the power of 53) with specific names as early as 5000 B.C.during the
Vedic period.Even today, the largest used
number is Terra: 10*12(10 to the power of 12).
Until 1896, India was the only source of
diamonds in the world
The Baily Bridge is the highest bridge in the
world. It is located in the Ladakh valley between
the Dras and Suru rivers in the Himalayan
mountains. It was built by the Indian Army in
August 1982.
Sushruta is regarded as the Father of Surgery.
Over2600 years ago Sushrata & his team
conducted complicated surgeries like cataract,
artificial limbs, cesareans, fractures, urinary
stones, plastic surgery and brain surgeries.
Usage of anaesthesia was well known in ancient
Indian medicine. Detailed knowledge of
anatomy, embryology, digestion,
metabolism,physiology, etiology, genetics and
immunity is also found in many ancient Indian
texts.
India exports software to 90 countries.
The four religions born in India – Hinduism,
Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, are followed by
25% of the world’s population.
Islam is India’s and the world’s second largest
religion.
There are 300,000 active mosques in India,
more than in any other country, including the
Muslim world.
The oldest European church and synagogue in
India are in the city of Cochin. They were built in 1503 and 1568 respectively.
Jews and Christians have lived continuously in
India since 200 B.C. and 52 A.D. respectively
The largest religious building in the world is
Angkor Wat, a Hindu Temple in Cambodia built
at the end of the 11th century.
The Vishnu Temple in the city of Tirupathi built in
the 10th century, is the world’s largest religious
pilgrimage destination. Larger than either Rome
or Mecca, an average of 30,000 visitors donate
$6 million (US) to the temple everyday.
Sikhism originated in the Holy city of Amritsar in
Punjab. Famous for housing the Golden Temple,
the city was founded in 1577.
Varanasi, also known as Benaras, was called
“the Ancient City” when Lord Buddha visited it in
500 B.C., and is the oldest, continuously
inhabited city in the world today.
India provides safety for more than 300,000
refugees originally from Sri Lanka, Tibet, Bhutan,
Afghanistan and Bangladesh, who escaped to
flee religious and political persecution.
His Holiness, the Dalai Lama, the exiled spiritual
leader of Tibetan Buddhists, runs his
government in exile from Dharmashala in
northern India.